Other end-uses overview

Exterior lighting

For a simple box modeling analysis that focuses on the impact of envelope or HVAC design, it is reasonable to ignore energy consumed by exterior lighting. But if a goal of the analysis is to estimate total energy consumption, then exterior lighting should be considered. This end use is typically represented with an input for peak power and a fractional usage schedule. If the likely exterior lighted area is known, then a peak power value can be calculated from energy code lighting power allowances, which are defined for area types such as parking lots or walkways.

Elevators

Elevators are sometimes ignored in energy models, but they can be a significant energy end use, especially in highrise buildings. The U.S. Department of Energy Commercial Reference Building Models of the National Building Stock report provides an estimate of elevator energy consumption for different types of buildings.

Commercial kitchen

Energy use in commercial kitchens typically includes cooking equipment, dishwashing, refrigeration and exhaust fans as well as the energy to condition makeup air. The ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals includes data on energy consumption and heat gain from kitchen equipment. The U.S. Department of Energy Commercial Reference Building Models of the National Building Stock report includes estimates of energy demand and schedules for several different building types.

Electric vehicle charging

A growing load for some types of buildings is electric vehicle charging, so it is important to consider whether an estimate of the energy consumed for charging should be included in the simple box modeling analysis.

Swimming pools and spas

Pools and spas can be, of course, a significant energy end use for some buildings. Most energy simulation tools do not include models for pool heating, so accurate estimates of energy for heating and for dehumidification of indoor pool spaces requires special knowledge.